Extending bidict

Although bidict ships with all the bidict types we just covered, it’s always possible users might need something more than what’s provided. For this reason, bidict was written with extensibility in mind.

Let’s look at some examples.

OverwritingBidict Recipe

If you’d like OVERWRITE to be the default duplication policy for __setitem__() and update(), rather than always having to use forceput() and forceupdate(), you can use the following recipe:

>>> from bidict import bidict, OVERWRITE

>>> class OverwritingBidict(bidict):
...     on_dup_val = OVERWRITE

>>> b = OverwritingBidict({'one': 1})
>>> b['two'] = 1  # succeeds, no ValueDuplicationError
>>> b
OverwritingBidict({'two': 1})

>>> b.update({'three': 1})  # ditto
>>> b
OverwritingBidict({'three': 1})

As with bidict.bidict, OverwritingBidict.put() and OverwritingBidict.putall() will still provide per-call overrides for duplication policies, and will both still default to raising for all duplication types unless you override those methods too.

To make an overwriting ordered bidict, simply adapt this recipe to have the class inherit from bidict.OrderedBidict.

Beware of OVERWRITE

With a default OVERWRITE policy as in the OverwritingBidict recipe above, beware of the following potentially surprising behavior:

>>> b = OverwritingBidict({'one': 1, 'two': 2})
>>> b['one'] = 2
>>> b
OverwritingBidict({'one': 2})

That is, setting an existing key to the value of a different existing item causes both existing items to be collapsed into a single item.

Sorted Bidict Recipes

Suppose you need a bidict that maintains its items in sorted order. The Python standard library does not include any sorted dict types, but the excellent sortedcontainers and sortedcollections libraries do. Armed with these along with bidict’s _fwdm_cls and _invm_cls attributes, creating a sorted bidict type is dead simple:

>>> import bidict, sortedcontainers

>>> # a sorted bidict whose forward items stay sorted by their keys,
>>> # and whose inverse items stay sorted by *their* keys (i.e. it and
>>> # its inverse iterate over their items in different orders):

>>> class SortedBidict(bidict.bidict):
...     _fwdm_cls = sortedcontainers.SortedDict
...     _invm_cls = sortedcontainers.SortedDict
...
...     # Include this for nicer repr's:
...     __repr_delegate__ = lambda x: list(x.items())

>>> b = SortedBidict({'Tokyo': 'Japan', 'Cairo': 'Egypt'})
>>> b
SortedBidict([('Cairo', 'Egypt'), ('Tokyo', 'Japan')])

>>> b['Lima'] = 'Peru'

>>> # b stays sorted by its keys:
>>> list(b.items())
[('Cairo', 'Egypt'), ('Lima', 'Peru'), ('Tokyo', 'Japan')]

>>> # b.inv stays sorted by *its* keys (b's values!)
>>> list(b.inv.items())
[('Egypt', 'Cairo'), ('Japan', 'Tokyo'), ('Peru', 'Lima')]


>>> # a sorted bidict whose forward items stay sorted by their keys,
>>> # and whose inverse items stay sorted by their values (i.e. it and
>>> # its inverse iterate over their items in the same order):

>>> import sortedcollections

>>> class KeySortedBidict(bidict.bidict):
...     _fwdm_cls = sortedcontainers.SortedDict
...     _invm_cls = sortedcollections.ValueSortedDict
...
...     # Include this for nicer repr's:
...     __repr_delegate__ = lambda x: list(x.items())

>>> element_by_atomic_number = KeySortedBidict({
...     3: 'lithium', 1: 'hydrogen', 2: 'helium'})

>>> # stays sorted by key:
>>> element_by_atomic_number
KeySortedBidict([(1, 'hydrogen'), (2, 'helium'), (3, 'lithium')])

>>> # .inv stays sorted by value:
>>> list(element_by_atomic_number.inv.items())
[('hydrogen', 1), ('helium', 2), ('lithium', 3)]

>>> element_by_atomic_number[4] = 'beryllium'

>>> list(element_by_atomic_number.inv.items())
[('hydrogen', 1), ('helium', 2), ('lithium', 3), ('beryllium', 4)]

>>> # This works because a bidict whose _fwdm_cls differs from its _invm_cls computes
>>> # its inverse class -- which (note) is not actually the same class as the original,
>>> # as it needs to have its _fwdm_cls and _invm_cls swapped -- automatically.
>>> # You can see this if you inspect the inverse bidict:
>>> element_by_atomic_number.inv  # Note the different class, which was auto-generated:
KeySortedBidictInv([('hydrogen', 1), ('helium', 2), ('lithium', 3), ('beryllium', 4)])
>>> ValueSortedBidict = element_by_atomic_number.inv.__class__
>>> ValueSortedBidict._fwdm_cls
<class 'sortedcollections.recipes.ValueSortedDict'>
>>> ValueSortedBidict._invm_cls
<class 'sortedcontainers.sorteddict.SortedDict'>

>>> # Round trips work as expected:
>>> atomic_number_by_element = ValueSortedBidict(element_by_atomic_number.inv)
>>> atomic_number_by_element
KeySortedBidictInv([('hydrogen', 1), ('helium', 2), ('lithium', 3), ('beryllium', 4)])
>>> KeySortedBidict(atomic_number_by_element.inv) == element_by_atomic_number
True

>>> # One other useful trick:
>>> # To pass method calls through to the _fwdm SortedDict when not present
>>> # on the bidict instance, provide a custom __getattribute__ method:
>>> def __getattribute__(self, name):
...     try:
...         return object.__getattribute__(self, name)
...     except AttributeError as e:
...         try:
...             return getattr(self._fwdm, name)
...         except AttributeError:
...             raise e

>>> KeySortedBidict.__getattribute__ = __getattribute__

>>> # bidict has no .peekitem attr, so the call is passed through to _fwdm:
>>> element_by_atomic_number.peekitem()
(4, 'beryllium')
>>> element_by_atomic_number.inv.peekitem()
('beryllium', 4)

Next proceed to Other Functionality.